8.1 The human transport system (Book
1B, p. 8-3)
Ø
In humans, a
transport system is developed to ensure the:
n supply of useful
substances to all cells
n removal of waste
from the cells
Ø
The transport system includes:
n the (1) circulatory
system (循環系統)
n the (2) lymphatic
system (淋巴系統).
Ø
The functions of different parts of the human
circulatory system:
|
Part
|
Function
|
||
Blood
|
n
Carries useful
substances to body cells
n
carries (3) wastes from body cells
|
|||
Heart
|
n
Acts as a (4) pump
to drive blood throughout the body
|
|||
(5) Blood
vessels
|
n
Distribute blood
throughout the body
n
Allow exchange of
materials between blood and body cells
|
|||
¬
Human circulatory system
|
blood vessel
|
8.2 Blood (Book
1B, p. 8-4)
Ø With
the use of centrifuge (離心機),
blood can be separated
into
its basic components:
n (1)
Plasma
(血漿)
n (2)Blood cells
(血細胞)
1 Plasma
n
mainly consists of:
l
(3) water (~90%)
l
dissolved substances (~10%):
²
respiratory gases such as (4)
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
²
nutrients like glucose, amino acids, minerals and (5) vitamins
² wastes like carbon dioxide and (6) urea
² plasma proteins (血漿蛋白)
like
F (7) antibody (抗體) and
F (8) fibrinogen (纖維蛋白原)
² hormones (激素)
n transports dissolved substances and distributes (9) heat throughout the
body.
2 Blood cells
Identify the
blood cells in the photomicrograph below:
(10) Red blood cells
|
(11) Phagocytes
|
(12) Lymphocytes
|
(13) Blood plateletes
|
n The structures and
functions of different blood cells: DSE-2012-I-AQ1
Red blood cells
|
White blood cells
|
Blood platelets
|
|
Two major types:
|
Very small pieces of cell fragments
|
||
Shape
|
(14) Biconcave
disc shape: è increase the
surface-to-volume
ratio
è increase the
efficiency of diffusion of gases
|
Irregular shape
|
Irregular shape
|
Colour
|
Red due to the pigment
(15) haemoglobin
|
Colourless
|
Colourless
|
Nucleus
|
No nucleus when
(16) mature, è provide more
space to
carry (17) haemoglobin
|
l lymphocytes:
Large round
l phagocytes:
(18) lobed
|
No nucleus
|
Site of production
|
In (19) marrow
(骨髓) of bones like limb
bones, ribs and vertebrae (椎骨)
|
In bone marrow and
(20) spleen (脾);
mature in (21) lymphocytes (淋巴結)
|
In bone marrow
|
Site or method of destruction
|
In the liver and spleen; haemoglobin is broken down
into iron
and
(22) bile
pigment
|
l Some are killed
by germs
l passed out of
the body in faeces
|
In the liver
and spleen
|
Function
|
Contain haemoglobin to
carry (23) oxygen
|
Protect our body against
diseases by killing germs
|
Involved in
(24) blood
clotting
to prevent:
l further blood
loss
l entry of germs
into our body
|
Ø Functions of blood
1 Transport
Gases
|
(25) Oxygen
|
n
carried by haemoglobin
n from (26) lung to tissue cells
|
(27) Carbon dioxide
|
n mainly transported
as (28) hydrogencarbonate ions
n from (29) tissue cells to lung
|
|
Nutrients (water-soluble)
|
n small intestine
à (30) liver à all body parts
|
|
Wastes
|
Carbon dioxide
|
n
tissue cells
à
lung
|
Urea
|
n liver à (31) kidney and sweat glands
of skin
|
|
(32) Hormones
|
n
endocrine glands à target organs
|
|
Antibody
|
n
plasma à all body parts
|
|
(33) Heat
|
n
muscle / liver à all body parts
n
to regulate body temperature
|
2 Body defence
Component of blood
|
Function
|
(34) Phagocytes (吞噬細胞)
|
(35) Engulf and digest the invading germs (病菌)
|
Lymphocytes
(淋巴細胞)
|
9roduce (36) antibodies to help killing germs幫助殺死,或中和病菌產生的毒素
|
(33) Blood platelets
|
involved in (34) blood clotting to stop further
blood loss and prevent the entry of germs
|
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