2016年3月16日 星期三

F4 Biology teaching notes Ch 8: 2nd Term NE 5

8.1  The human transport system (Book 1B, p. 8-3)

Ø   In humans, a transport system is developed to ensure the:
n  supply of useful substances to all cells
n  removal of waste from the cells
Ø   The transport system includes:
n  the (1) circulatory system (循環系統)
n  the (2) lymphatic system (淋巴系統).

Ø   The functions of different parts of the human circulatory system:

heart

blood
Part
Function
Blood
n   Carries useful substances to body cells
n   carries (3) wastes from body cells
Heart
n   Acts as a (4) pump to drive blood throughout the body
(5) Blood vessels
n  Distribute blood throughout the body
n  Allow exchange of materials between blood and body cells

¬ Human circulatory system

blood vessel


8.2  Blood (Book 1B, p. 8-4)

Ø  With the use of centrifuge (離心機), blood can be separated
into its basic components:
n (1) Plasma (血漿)
n (2)Blood cells (血細胞)


1      Plasma
n   mainly consists of:
l   (3) water (~90%)
l   dissolved substances (~10%):
²  respiratory gases such as (4) oxygen and carbon dioxide
²  nutrients like glucose, amino acids, minerals and (5) vitamins
²  wastes like carbon dioxide and (6) urea
²  plasma proteins (血漿蛋白) like
F  (7) antibody (抗體) and
F  (8) fibrinogen (纖維蛋白原)
²  hormones (激素)
n   transports dissolved substances and distributes (9) heat throughout the body.


2      Blood cells                                                            

Identify the blood cells in the photomicrograph below:

(10) Red blood cells

(11) Phagocytes

(12) Lymphocytes

(13) Blood plateletes

 n           The structures and functions of different blood cells:     DSE-2012-I-AQ1

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Two major types:
Very small pieces of cell fragments
Shape
(14) Biconcave disc shape: è increase the
surface-to-volume ratio
è increase the efficiency of diffusion of gases
Irregular shape
Irregular shape
Colour
Red due to the pigment
(15) haemoglobin
Colourless
Colourless
Nucleus
No nucleus when
(16) mature, è provide more space to
carry (17) haemoglobin
l lymphocytes: Large round
l phagocytes:
(18) lobed
No nucleus
Site of production
In (19) marrow
(骨髓) of bones like limb bones, ribs and vertebrae (椎骨)
In bone marrow and
(20) spleen ();
mature in (21) lymphocytes (淋巴結)
In bone marrow
Site or method of destruction
In the liver and spleen; haemoglobin is broken down
into iron and
(22) bile pigment
l Some are killed by germs
l passed out of the body in faeces
In the liver and spleen
Function
Contain haemoglobin to
carry (23) oxygen
Protect our body against diseases by killing germs
Involved in
(24) blood clotting
to prevent:
l  further blood loss
l  entry of germs into our body

 Ø   Functions of blood

1      Transport
Gases
(25) Oxygen
n   carried by haemoglobin
n  from (26) lung to tissue cells
(27) Carbon dioxide
n  mainly transported as (28) hydrogencarbonate ions
n  from (29) tissue cells to lung
Nutrients (water-soluble)
n  small intestine à (30) liver à all body parts
Wastes
Carbon dioxide
n   tissue cells à lung
Urea
n  liver à (31) kidney and sweat glands of skin
(32) Hormones
n   endocrine glands à target organs
Antibody
n   plasma à all body parts
(33) Heat
n   muscle / liver à all body parts
n   to regulate body temperature

2      Body defence
Component of blood
Function
(34) Phagocytes (吞噬細胞)
(35) Engulf and digest the invading germs (病菌)
Lymphocytes
(淋巴細胞)
9roduce (36) antibodies to help killing germs幫助殺死,或中和病菌產生的毒素
(33) Blood platelets
involved in (34) blood clotting to stop further blood loss and prevent the entry of germs


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